Lent, Have Mercy

Giving up TV for LentWell, friends, it is that time of year again: the (annoying) time of year when a great number of people in the world – for seemingly no particular reason at all – “give up something” for Lent. Buddhist, Protestant, Latin, Agnostic … they’re all in.

For many, it is nothing more than an attempt at “discipline.” We can liken this to “new year’s resolutions” – those pesky ideals that help drive retail sales of vitamins, energy bars and exercise equipment around the first two weeks of January. I say “an attempt at discipline,” because – for the most part – no one really follows through or makes it out of January alive. This is not because the ambitions are beyond one’s potential reach, necessarily, but because we live in a culture of excess, self-satisfaction and pleasure, and are simply ill-equipped (most of us having a “will” that is in bondage to sin and not wholly “free”) to handle the prospect of extended discipline.

In these cases, it doesn’t really matter what “faith tradition” one comes from, and the “fad” of “giving up stuff for Lent” is neither spiritual nor inherently Christian. It is empty, bare, legalistic, pseudo-asceticism practiced by those without any experience of true asceticism (or what that requires) at all. Like most things in America today, it is a trend that will eventually go by the wayside. One can only hope, honestly.

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The Book of Tobit – Chapters 1-2

The Archangel Raphael

As we discussed previously, the true importance and meaning of the Book of Tobit for us as Christians is that it teaches us about Christ (as is the case with all of the old testament scriptures). Of this book, then, the Venerable Bede (c. AD 673-735) says:

“The book of the Holy Father Tobit is clearly of saving benefit to its readers even in its superficial meaning inasmuch as it abounds in both the noblest examples and the noblest counsels for moral conduct, and anyone who knows how to interpret it historically (and allegorically as well) can see that its inner meaning excels the mere letter as much as the fruit excels the leaves. For if it is understood in the spiritual sense it is found to contain within it the greatest mysteries of Christ and the Church …”
Venerable Bede, On the Book of the Blessed Father Tobit

Chapter One: The Righteousness of Tobit

From the onset of our study through this wonderful book, we learn that Tobit is a man of Israel (the northern kingdom) who was among those exiled to Assyria by “Shalmaneser, king of the Assyrians” (Tobit 1:2). As a faithful servant of the God of Israel, Tobit walks “in the paths of truth and righteousness” and did much “almsgiving to my brethren and to the people who journeyed with [him] as exiles to Nineveh” (Tobit 1:3).

From an allegorical perspective, Bede believes that this exile at the hands of Assyria is a type of our exile from Eden at the behest of the Evil One. We have all been estranged from the “promised land” of Paradise and with a great longing (and need) to return. The mission of the Orthodox Church, therefore, is to reunite the life of this world with the life of Paradise – the reunification of heaven and earth and a reunification of God and man (and we participate in a foretaste of this through the Holy Eucharist). The Lord’s Prayer reflects this desire as well.

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Orthodox Milk

“We have much to say [...] but it is hard to explain because you have become slow at understanding. For although by this time you should be teachers, you still need to have someone teach you even the basic principles of God’s oracles. You have come to need milk, and not solid food. Everyone who lives on milk is not experienced in the word of righteousness; such a person is a baby. But solid food is for those who are fully grown, who have trained their senses to discern good and evil.”
Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Hebrews 5:11-14

Milk from GreeceI think we Orthodox Christians in the United States underestimate just how much our culture influences, shapes and controls us, and that in a profoundly negative way. Orthodox Christianity “across the pond” has been through some interesting times, to say the least.

What was once really no more than a small, newly-founded missionary effort has since become a place of excitement and the locus of promising growth for the Orthodox Church – even in spite of the many difficulties that were presented by the communist rule over Russia and into eastern Europe in recent memory (and our disconnect with their past). But still, despite the introduction of Orthodoxy to the American culture in the last century or so, we must come to grips with the predominate, individualistic, “whatever works for you” worldview that pervades every aspect of society (and churches).

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The Book of Tobit – Introduction and Overview

Introduction, Background & Overview

A Coptic Orthodox Icon of Tobias and the Archangel RaphaelSo … what in the world is the Book of Tobit?

I’m sure that’s what most people unfamiliar with the Latin or Eastern Orthodox canon of the old testament scriptures are thinking right about now. In this post, I’m going to do my best to give you a brief overview and introduction to this important work from an Orthodox perspective, including details like the historical context, who wrote it, what it teaches us as Christians, and so forth.

I’m currently teaching a Bible Study class at our parish on this particular scripture, so as I go through and prepare my notes for each week, I will reformat and upload them to this blog as time permits. Please feel free to use and share these at your own parish or for your own study, so long as you link back to here as the source. I must note, as well, that I’m dependent upon a great deal of great reference material for most of this (see the bottom of this post), so this information may not come off as incredibly groundbreaking to many of you. My main intention with this study is to simplify everything for the casual reader, so as to be able to approach Tobit for the first time and without confusion.

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Saint Paul and the Apocalyptic Visions of Second Temple Judaism

An Orthodox Icon of the Prophet EnochAs I continue to examine Second Temple apocalyptic literature, it seems more and more likely that St Paul was drawing on his vast knowledge of this work at times in order to help make illustrations or “give wings” to many of the themes and ideas he was espousing throughout his epistles in the early years of the Church.

For example, in his Epistle to the Hebrews, St Paul makes a connection between the culmination of the priesthood of Melchizedek and Jesus Christ Himself. He of course makes reference to Psalm 109:4 (LXX): “The Lord swore and will not repent, ‘You are a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.’”  Beyond this, he also intimates that the Melchizedek order was always superior to that of the Levites (e.g. 7:4-10), and that a “change in the priesthood” necessitated a “change in the law” (liturgically speaking, cf. 7:11-12) as well.

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True Prayer and the Spirit

Orthodox Icon of Saint Innocent of Alaska

“The Holy Spirit teaches true prayer. No one, until he receives the Holy Spirit, can pray in a manner truly pleasing to God; because if anyone who does not have the Holy Spirit begins to pray, his soul is distracted in different directions from one thing to another, and he cannot fix his thoughts on any one thing. Moreover, he does not know properly either himself or his own need, or how to ask or what to ask of God, in fact he does not even know what God is like. But a person in whom the Holy Spirit dwells knows God and sees that He is his Father, and knows how to approach Him, and how to ask and what to ask of Him. His thoughts during prayer are orderly, pure, and aspire to a single object – God. And by prayer he can do literally anything, and can even move mountains from place to place.”

Saint Innocent of Alaska, Indication of the Way Into the Kingdom of Heaven, p. 33

The “Song of Simeon” and the Bible

The Great Library of Alexandria

The Great Library of Alexandria (established during the reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphius, c. 283-246 BC, and originally organized by a student of Aristotle) contained an innumerable amount of manuscripts, works and scrolls from all over the world.

In order to ensure everything possible was included in their library, the Egyptians would even require their citizens (and even foreign travelers through Egypt) to hand in their own personal scrolls for copying so that they could be added to the overall collection. It is during the reign of Ptolemy II that the sacred scriptures of the Hebrew people were translated into the Greek language – which was the lingua franca of the world at this time – in order to be included in the Alexandrian library’s already impressive collection of scrolls.

In order to have the scriptures accurately translated into Greek, Ptolemy II summoned 70 scribes from the Hebrew people to Alexandria. These were scribes and elders who were familiar with both the languages and the scriptures themselves. Initially, the Pentateuch (the first five “Books of Moses”) was alone translated, with the rest of the scrolls to follow. In an event that was no doubt guided by the Holy Spirit, all 70 scribes ended up translating identical copies of the books from Hebrew into Greek, with no variations whatsoever.

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A Way that Seems Right – A Meditation on St Mark of Ephesus

Orthodox Icon of Saint Mark of EphesusIt would be safe to say that receiving the approval of others is highly desired among most people today.

This applies not only in one’s “personal life” (if one actually has one) but also in their “professional life,” where the careful manipulation and posturing of relationships can be the “key to success,” so to speak. The scariest part about this is that when we begin to segment our lives along such boundaries (personal and professional), the lines between these aspects of our life become blurred and things begin to overlap.

While it may be considered clever and even acceptable to manipulate people in a professional environment in order to be “successful” (for example, “buddying up” with the right executive or senior employee in a company in order to leverage that relationship for career advancement, even if that means doing things or being in situations a Christian should not), most people would hopefully agree that in your “personal life,” people are to be treated fairly and as you would wish to be treated – with honesty, love, dignity and respect. Unfortunately, however, the lines are blurred and we are now manipulating everyone around us and simply “using people” for personal gain. Things like truth take a backseat in such meanderings and it is easy to see how this lifestyle can cause a person to degenerate to the point of pure selfishness. We live only for ourselves, and we only seek that which is a benefit for ourselves in this life. It is the very disposition that reached for the prized fruit of Eden and took a big bite.

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To Destroy Augustine

Orthodox Icon of Saint Augustine of Hippo

“To destroy Augustine, as today’s critics are trying to do, is to help to destroy also this piety and love for Christ – these are too ‘simple’ for today’s intellectuals (even though they also claim to be ‘pious’ in their own way). Today it is Augustine; tomorrow (and it’s already begun) the attack will be on the ‘simple’ bishops and priests of our Church. The anti-Augustine movement is a step towards schism and further disorders in the Orthodox Church.”

Fr Seraphim Rose, The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church, p. 100

Jesus Christ, the Son of God – Born in a Cave

Orthodox Icon of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ

“But when the Child was born in Bethlehem, since Joseph could not find a lodging in that village, he took up his quarters in a certain cave near the village; and while they were there Mary brought forth the Christ and placed Him in a manger, and here the Magi who came from Arabia found Him.”
St Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, Chapter 78

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God is a Fire

St Seraphim of Sarov

“God is a fire that warms and kindles the heart and inward parts. And so, if we feel in our hearts coldness, which is from the devil – for the devil is cold – then let us call upon the Lord, and He will come and warm our hearts with perfect love not only for Him, but for our neighbor as well. And from the presence of warmth the coldness of the hater of good will be driven away.”

St Seraphim of Sarov, Spiritual Instructions

Palamism Isn’t

Orthodox Icon of St Gregory Palamas

“The first thing we must understand about Palamism, is that there is absolutely no such thing. Palamism is the invention of Roman Catholic thinkers — I will not call them theologians — who wanted to justify their own heresy by giving what is the undoubted and traditional teaching of the Orthodox Church an exotic label, turning it into an historically conditioned ‘ism.’

All St Gregory did was to express the age-old teaching of the Church within the framework of the contemporary controversy over the nature of Hesychast methods of prayer. Continue reading

Praying the Hours

The tradition of prayers at specific hours of the day is one that goes back as far as the ancient Hebrews. “Seven times a day have I praised Thee for the judgments of Thy righteousness” (Psalm 118:164 LXX).

One can also see a few examples of this tradition in the Acts of the Apostles: “Now Peter and John were going up together into the temple during the hour of prayer, the ninth hour” (3:1); “And on the morrow, as they sojourned and drew near to the city, Peter went up on the housetop to pray, about the sixth hour” (10:9).

The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (c. AD 60) instructs that Christians should pray the “Lord’s Prayer” (the “Our Father”) three times a day (Chapter 8).

Pliny the Younger (AD 63 – 117), in a letter to the Roman emperor Trajan about his persecution of the Christians, wrote: “… they met on a stated day before it was light, and addressed a form of prayer to Christ, as to a divinity” (Epistulae, Book 10, Letter 97), describing what sounds like a Matins or Othros service of the Orthodox Church.

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