Not All East is East

Fr Seraphim RoseI’ve recently been listening to some lectures by Fr Thomas Hopko (Dean Emeritus of St Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary) that deal with both the Apocalypse and the Divine Liturgy. I highly recommend his work, especially for those who have come from an evangelical or Baptist background, as he can make things quite simple for us.

A passing comment he made in one of his lectures was in regards to the fact that a lot of what passes for Orthodox “spirituality” today is seemingly little more than repackaged Zen Buddhism. Those who enter into Orthodoxy from a heavily “Western” background are prone to this error, especially, as they have likely never had any experiences of God that were anything but rationalistic, or entirely of the mind.

For those with a proneness to wandering and being “tossed to and fro” (Ephesians), as Saint Paul intimates, the temptation is certainly very real and dangerous. There are, unfortunately, no shortage of misleading and unhelpful people out there (especially in the Internet age) who would dare to combine other forms of atheistic/agnostic meditation with the hesychastic prayer found within the one, true Church. There are even many books out there that are shared among Orthodox people (e.g. The Mountain of Silence) that can lead Christians to believe that meditation and/or individualized “Spirituality” are the pinnacle of one’s Christian life, with little to no regard for other people, the Body of Christ and the importance of our life within the Church (and with other people). Indeed, it seems that those who are the most schismatic, unstable or “led astray” within the Church are those whose interests often align exclusively with that of their own self-interests, rather than the good of the Body (and their own family).

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Symbol / Devil

The TransfigurationOne of the most distinguished characteristics of the Orthodox Church is the nuanced (some might say “eastern” or “Greek”) understanding of “symbol” that is transcendant and goes beyond mere externals or the recesses of one’s brain. The concept of “symbol” for most people in the west today is — in the words of the reposed Fr Alexander Schmemann: “an illustration whose purpose can be termed pedagogic or educational.” In other words, a symbol merely points to or teaches about an idea or concept, but offers no real or transcendant connection to anything beyond itself. In Orthodoxy, however, a symbol is a gateway or “window” to something beyond itself; it is something that truly connects the person with the thing signified.

I’m sure most of my readers have heard the phrase “windows to heaven” applied to Icons (the devotional “artwork” or paintings of the Orthodox Church). While many in the west today would be uncomfortable with this insinuation, I actually find it to be quite soft. It doesn’t really emphasize enough just how vital the connection is between the “symbol” (or “Icon;” Greek “eikon“) and that which is symbolized. When I think of looking through a “window,” I don’t think of a real connection or experience of that which is on the other side — it is a mere contemplation or observation of these things. With Icons (or other religious symbols), on the other hand, the connection and experience of that which is depicted is real, transcendant and even transformative.

What’s most intriguing (especially for those not fluent in Greek) is that the opposite of symbol (symbolos) in Greek is the word for “division” or “separation” — diabolos. That’s right — devil. Separation/dis-unity and “devil” are synonymous, both in concept and in the personification of Satan and his fallen angels. One can see this in a number of ways in sacred scripture, as well. For example, the consequence of sin is death, which is another way of stating “separation” or “division” from God, Who is Life. When Christ promised the apostles that the Church would never be prevailed against, He intimated that the enemy at the gates was “the gates of Hades” — that is, the gates of death or the gates of schism/division.

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Lent, Have Mercy

Giving up TV for LentWell, it is that time of year again: the time of year when a great number of people in the world – for seemingly no particular reason at all – “give up something” for Lent. Buddhist, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Agnostic, Baptist … they’re all in, it seems.

For many, it is nothing more than an attempt at “discipline.” We can liken this to “new year’s resolutions” – those pesky ideals that help drive retail sales of vitamins, energy bars and exercise equipment around the first two weeks of January. I say “an attempt at discipline,” because – for the most part – no one really follows through or makes it out of January alive. This is not because the ambitions are beyond one’s potential reach, necessarily, but because we live in a culture of excess, self-satisfaction and pleasure, and are simply ill-equipped (most of us having a “will” that is in bondage to sin and not wholly “free”) to handle the prospect of extended discipline.

In these cases, it doesn’t really matter what “faith tradition” one comes from, and the “fad” of “giving up stuff for Lent” is neither spiritual nor inherently Christian. It is empty, bare, legalistic, pseudo-asceticism practiced by those without any experience of the true asceticism of the Church. Like most things in America today, it is a trend that will eventually go by the wayside. One can only hope, honestly.

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Palamism Isn’t

Orthodox Icon of St Gregory Palamas

“The first thing we must understand about Palamism, is that there is absolutely no such thing. Palamism is the invention of Roman Catholic thinkers — I will not call them theologians — who wanted to justify their own heresy by giving what is the undoubted and traditional teaching of the Orthodox Church an exotic label, turning it into an historically conditioned ‘ism.’

All St Gregory did was to express the age-old teaching of the Church within the framework of the contemporary controversy over the nature of Hesychast methods of prayer. Continue reading

Liturgical Adaptation (And the Danger of Legalism)

An image from the Divine Liturgy of the Orthodox ChurchFor Orthodox Christians – especially for converts like myself – it is very easy to get carried away with our fervor and passion for the Church and to therefore develop unrealistic and fanciful notions about the more “organic” or “developed” parts of our Church and Her Tradition.

The Church is infallible in one sense and it also has a very clearly defined dogma regarding Christ and the Trinity that has been “once for all delivered to the saints” – and this word “delivered” could most-literally be translated “traditioned” in English.

In our zeal for the truth of our Church’s steadfastness and resoluteness in both doctrine and practice, we often forget about all the areas that the Church has adapted itself for new cultures, new languages and new ways to express and promote these eternal and unchanging truths. This often leads to the repetition of half-truths and myths about the Orthodox Church as well as a tendency towards legalism and finger-pointing over issues that are not essential to salvation. I know that I’ve been guilty of this, and I’d imagine it is a common phenomenon for many over-excited converts. Perhaps some branches of the Orthodox Church are more guilty of this than others, as well, but that’s not for me to judge.

One such topic that I’ve seen this is in regards to the Divine Liturgy – the primary worship experience of the Orthodox Church.

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Is Fasting Biblical?

The Expulsion from Eden

“And the Lord God commanded Adam, saying, ‘You may eat food from every tree in the garden; but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you may not eat; for in whatever day you eat from it, you shall die by death.’”
Genesis 2:16-17 (LXX)

Fasting was part of what it meant to be human and created in God’s image. When Adam broke the fast inappropriately and in an untimely manner, the consequence of that distortion of humanity was corruption unto death. Fasting as a Christian is part of our salvation insofar as it reminds us of how to be human, making our Spiritual condition of greater importance than our flesh or passions and desires. We don’t fast in order to “merit” something from God but rather to become like God.

“Moreover, when you fast, do not be like the hypocrites, with a sad countenance. For they disfigure their faces that they may appear to men to be fasting. Assuredly, I say to you, they have their reward. But you, when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face, so that you do not appear to men to be fasting, but to your Father who is in the secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.”
Gospel According to St Matthew 6:16-18

Notice that Christ our God mentions the discipline of fasting as a foregone conclusion for His disciples. Along with this, we see that our fasting is useless if it is not done with the right Spirit. Those who fast “publicly” and with great fanfare have received their reward, and it is temporal and useless. True fasting is a secret and Spiritual discipline that affects our entire Person and transforms us into the likeness of Christ. “Fasting is for spiritual growth and the glory of God, not to be seen by those around us” (OSB). The Western tradition of Ash Wednesday is, as a result, almost completely opposed to the Christian fast. On the contrary, the preparation for fasting in the East is asking for forgiveness from our fellow Christians (Forgiveness Sunday) and making ourselves ready for the fast (Meatfare and Cheesefare help with this) so that our fasting is not outwardly apparent to others.

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Muhammad’s Testament in Protection of Christians

It is a little known fact of history that Muhammad, the founder of the Islamic religion/nation, once sent a letter to the Orthodox Christian monastery of Mount Sinai (Saint Catherine’s) vowing to protect its inhabitants as well as all Christians (the Achtiname of Muhammad, c. AD 628). This was to be in effect forever, and was “signed” with an imprint and outline of Muhammad’s own hand (see photo).

Here’s a section of that letter translated into English:

“This is a message from Muhammad ibn Abdullah, as a covenant to those who adopt Christianity, near and far, we are with them. Verily I, the servants, the helpers, and my followers defend them, because Christians are my citizens; and by Allah! I hold out against anything that displeases them.

No compulsion is to be on them. Neither are their judges to be removed from their jobs nor their monks from their monasteries.

No one is to destroy a house of their religion, to damage it, or to carry anything from it to the Muslims’ houses. Should anyone take any of these, he would spoil God’s covenant and disobey His Prophet. Verily, they are my allies and have my secure charter against all that they hate.

No one is to force them to travel or to oblige them to fight. The Muslims are to fight for them. If a female Christian is married to a Muslim, it is not to take place without her approval. She is not to be prevented from visiting her church to pray.

Their churches are to be respected. They are neither to be prevented from repairing them nor the sacredness of their covenants. No one of the nation is to disobey the covenant till the Last Day.”

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Impurity of Soul, Body and Spirit

Orthodox Icon of St Maximos the Confessor

“Impurity of nous consists first in having false knowledge; secondly in being ignorant of any of the universals (I refer to the human nous, for it is a property of the angelic nous not to be ignorant even of particulars); thirdly in having impassioned thoughts; and fourthly in assenting to sin.

Impurity of soul lies in its not functioning in accordance with nature. It is because of this that impassioned thoughts are produced in the nous [...]

Impurity of body consists in the actual committing of sin.”

St Maximos the Confessor, Third Century on Love, § 34-36