Hypocrisy as the American Dream

AntigoneNo doubt the result of several fairly recent historical developments, American “Christianity” has produced a whole generation of hypocrites. The hypocrisy of which I’m speaking is found most commonly at the individual level and is part and parcel of our relativistic, “whatever works for you” culture. To put it in fancy, theological words, American Christians have become ontologically and epistemologically Modalists.

Modalism (or Sabellianism) was a heresy that spread in the first few centuries of the Church and espoused that God was one Person but that He simply took on different “modes” or “forms” (as a single Person). God the Father was one “form,” and then He revealed Himself as the “form” of God the Son and then finally as God the Holy Spirit. At no one time were all three “forms” existing concurrently. It was as if God simply put on a different “mask” whenever it suited Him. This is a denial of the Orthodox view of the Trinity, of course, wherein God is three Persons in one Essence (without beginning or end).

Unfortunately, as an aside, there are many actual Modalist movements in the world today, such as some branches of Pentecostalism. Really, any “church” that emphasizes the Holy Spirit over Christ and the Father are semi-Modalist in scope, and this is easy to spot because of their emphasis on “experiences” of the Holy Spirit and ecstatic, chaotic nonsense – while they de-emphasize or undermine the role of the Church (which is the Body of Christ) and His Incarnation and role as its Head (remember, Christ said He would never leave us – cf. St Matt. 28:18-20) as well as the leadership role of men (a de-emphasis of the role of God the Father in the union of the Trinity) in the Church. In other words, just turn your television to TBN and you’ll see this clearly.

The word “hypocrite” comes from the Greek ὑπόκρισις which can mean “play-acting” or “coward” depending on the context, and was also used in reference to a stage actor in the ancient world. In other words, someone who played several different characters on stage was a “hypocrite,” as he adorned different masks, costumes and voices to play varying characters. He was not a solitary Person with a single “form,” but a Person with multiple “forms” or appearances, depending on the context (and never more than one “form” at once).

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Clerical Dress and American Worship

An Eastern Orthodox priest.This might not be a very popular post …

Schmemann began his book For the Life of the World with the phrase “Man is what he eats,” quoting the German philosopher Feuerbach. In a similar fashion (wait for the pun), I believe that “man is what he wears.”

Yes, friends, the way we dress matters. It shapes and transforms the way we think, the way we work, the way we act and – most importantly for the Christian – the way we worship. While the rationalism of our Enlightenment culture might deny the effects of “matter” (you know, earthy stuff), simply denying the reality of something doesn’t make it true. Everyone knows that when you dress professionally, you are more productive and focused at work, and that dressing in a casual manner actually reduces productivity and the mental faculties of the average person – these are widely accepted viewpoints, it seems. In a similar way, surrounding yourself with certain decorations or trappings can affect the way one thinks and acts, as well. Aesthetics matter.

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A Way that Seems Right – A Meditation on St Mark of Ephesus

Orthodox Icon of Saint Mark of EphesusIt would be safe to say that receiving the approval of others is highly desired among most people today.

This applies not only in one’s “personal life” (if one actually has one) but also in their “professional life,” where the careful manipulation and posturing of relationships can be the “key to success,” so to speak. The scariest part about this is that when we begin to segment our lives along such boundaries (personal and professional), the lines between these aspects of our life become blurred and things begin to overlap.

While it may be considered clever and even acceptable to manipulate people in a professional environment in order to be “successful” (for example, “buddying up” with the right executive or senior employee in a company in order to leverage that relationship for career advancement, even if that means doing things or being in situations a Christian should not), most people would hopefully agree that in your “personal life,” people are to be treated fairly and as you would wish to be treated – with honesty, love, dignity and respect. Unfortunately, however, the lines are blurred and we are now manipulating everyone around us and simply “using people” for personal gain. Things like truth take a backseat in such meanderings and it is easy to see how this lifestyle can cause a person to degenerate to the point of pure selfishness. We live only for ourselves, and we only seek that which is a benefit for ourselves in this life. It is the very disposition that reached for the prized fruit of Eden and took a big bite.

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To Destroy Augustine

Orthodox Icon of Saint Augustine of Hippo

“To destroy Augustine, as today’s critics are trying to do, is to help to destroy also this piety and love for Christ – these are too ‘simple’ for today’s intellectuals (even though they also claim to be ‘pious’ in their own way). Today it is Augustine; tomorrow (and it’s already begun) the attack will be on the ‘simple’ bishops and priests of our Church. The anti-Augustine movement is a step towards schism and further disorders in the Orthodox Church.”

Fr Seraphim Rose, The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church, p. 100

Book Review: “Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy”

"Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy" by Fr Andrew Stephen (Damick)I normally don’t think about this sort of thing in great detail, but since I’m presently spending time with a catechumen on a regular basis, I’m developing a “mental list” of the top 10 or so books one should recommend to an inquirer of the Orthodox Faith. This book is one of those 10, and it might even be in the top five.

Fr Andrew Stephen (Damick) is the protos of an Orthodox parish in Emmaus, PA and has a series of podcasts (available here) on various Orthodox topics – most of which are particularly helpful for those outside of the Orthodox Church or relatively new to it. His book Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy (available here and here) is an expansion and codification of one of those podcast series by the same name.

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I Love Religion

Orthodox Temple of Saint Sava

I’m glad that Fr Andrew replied to this silly video – it saves me a lot of trouble.

Regardless, a key here is that simply saying “All I need is Jesus, not religion” is the most complicated religion of all, for all it does is pose an infinite amount of follow-up questions: Which Jesus? Who is Jesus? What did he do? Why do I need him? How do I live for him? etc.

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Israel as the People of God – Part Three: Israel and the Church

Read Part One: Who is a Jew?
Read Part Two: The Land of Israel

As I come to my last entry on this subject, I must admit that this is to me the simplest and most straightforward point one could make with regards to Israel. While I grew up in a tradition that wrongly saw the Jews of today as “God’s chosen people” and in a place of favor even greater than that of the Church, I now believe the truth – and it seems to be a rather plain one in the Scriptures. I find it hard to understand how people can miss this who claim such an admiration for the Scriptures, but I digress. This isn’t about pointing fingers – I was there once. Lord, have mercy on us all.

So then, the last topic to cover with regards to Israel as the “people of God” is how Israel relates to the Church.

To put it plainly, the Church is Israel; that is, the Church replaces and takes its place as Israel or God’s “chosen people,” called out from the world and set apart as His own.

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Of Calendars and Schismatics

Another area of pointed legalism (and even schism) within the Orthodox Church today is around the calendar – that is, the debate over whether the Church (“old”) calendar or the “New” (revised Julian) calendar is truly Orthodox and “valid.” The main issue I have – and indeed, all Orthodox Christians should have – with these contemporary debates (despite the fact that they have led to schism and an abandonment of Apostolic Succession by some) is that they are irrelevant.

That’s right – irrelevant.

How tragic and sad that a small group of otherwise Orthodox Christians have decided to separate themselves from the Church over such a meaningless issue. While the fear of Ecumenism (a heresy in the Orthodox Church) in the day the calendar was revised is a noble one, this is not an area in particular where one should split the proverbial hair. A hair that grounds the Church in the world and its constraints rather than in the transcendence of the Eucharist and the eternal kingdom of Christ.

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Israel as the People of God – Part Two: The Land of Israel

Read Part One: Who is a Jew?

Jerusalem in the present day

So then, what promises did God make to the Hebrews regarding the land of Israel, and how does that correlate to the modern nation-state of Israel in the middle east today?

This is where things get really dicey, especially when considering present-day politics and the beliefs of evangelical Christians on this very point.

Considering that the “Christian vote” essentially determines an election in the U.S. and that evangelical Christians represent a large segment of American, Christian voters (dwarfed only by Roman Catholics), any candidate that doesn’t wholeheartedly support the nation-state of Israel has written for themselves a death sentence (as Obama has learned recently, with his less-than-stellar relationship with Benyamin Netanyahu and suggesting that Israel give back some land to the Palestinians).

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Israel as the People of God – Part One: Who is a Jew?

Orthodox Icon of the Holy Prophet MosesMost evangelical Christians today believe that the “Jews” are the true ”children of God” and that they hold a distinct place in “God’s eyes” from that of the Church, despite their rejection of the Messiah (Jesus) and His Gospel – and subsequently, their rejection of traditional and Scriptural “Judaism” or the religion of the ancient Hebrew people (as taught by the “old testament” Scriptures). In other words, the Church is just a bump on the log of redemptive history, and the “main event” revolves around the Jewish people.

To even begin to dive into this subject (which is extremely controversial in the present day, especially among American, evangelical sects of Christianity), it is necessary to take a giant leap backwards and consider many ideas and concepts individually, in order to do this overview any justice whatsoever. While these viewpoints are a drastic minority in both present day Christianity and in Church history, they represent an extremely influential viewpoint among protestants in the United States (but this has been the case only since the mid-19th century).

For example:

Who are the Jews, and what makes one “Jewish?”

What promises did God make to the Hebrews regarding the land of Israel, and how does that correlate to the modern nation-state of Israel in the middle east today?

What do the Scriptures say regarding Israel and how the Hebrew people are to be considered in relation to the Christian Church?

It is along these three questions that I will attempt to give an extremely brief and broad-reaching analysis of Israel as the “people of God.”

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The Prophecy of Joel, Israel, the Eucharist, Hell … and the Church

A painting of the sacking of Jerusalem by the Romans in AD 70

Radical “end times” fascination abounds right now in the West, and has for the last century or so.

Since many people’s interpretations of the Scriptures are focused around Israel and the happenings in and around the middle east, many are finding a new reason daily to expect the imminent return of Christ and something called the “rapture.”

This sort of “newspaper theology” as I’ve heard Gary Demar and others refer to it is not only an unnecessary cause of anxiety but also a poor reading of the Scriptures and one markedly absent from the history of the Church (until recently, at least, and only in the protestant “West”).

I was reading a blog by one such evangelical about two weeks ago on the prophecy of Joel and how it is being fulfilled today through particular world events (most of which pertaining to the modern nation-state of Israel, Russia, the United States, etc.). This person noticeably ignored the fact that Saint Peter  said that Joel was fulfilled in the first century and in the pouring out of the Holy Spirit on the apostles on the day of Pentecost, AD 33 (cf. Acts of the Apostles, Ch. 2). The remainder of the prophecy is easily seen fulfilled in the events following the sending of the Holy Spirit and leading up to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in AD 70 (which Christ also predicted, and in the exact time frame he predicted it! – within one generation).

Seeing this rather silly post on Joel led me to study this short prophetic work and to see what the mind of the Orthodox fathers is on these prophecies and descriptions surrounding Israel, etc. Rather than finding any references to Israel as a nation, instead I found an abundance of fascinating and helpful admonitions and insights regarding the Church - the true Israel.

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The Eucharist is Real

Orthodox Icon of the Mystical Supper

“And as they ate, Jesus took the bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and was giving it to the disciples, and said, ‘Take, eat; this is My body.’ And He took the cup, and gave thanks (Greek: Eucharistia), and gave it to them, saying ‘Drink of it, all of you; for this is My blood, that of the new covenant, which is being poured out for many for the remission of sins.”
Gospel According to St Matthew 26:26-28

“Verily, verily, I say to you, unless ye should eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, ye are not having life in yourselves. The one who partaketh of My flesh and drinketh My blood hath eternal life; and I will raise him up in the last day. For My flesh is true food and My blood is true drink. The one who eateth My flesh and drinketh My blood abideth in Me, and I in him. Even as the living Father sent Me forth, and I live because of the Father, also the one who eateth Me, even he shall live because of Me. This One is the bread, the One having come down out of the heavens – not as your fathers ate the manna, and died. The one who eateth this bread shall live forever.”
Gospel According to St John the Theologian 6:53-58

The Eucharist is real.

We are truly consuming the risen body and blood of the Lord Jesus Christ every Sunday when we commune together in worship. Make no mistake about it; it is reality – it is a fact of the Scriptures and the whole received Tradition of the Orthodox Church. There is no getting around this without boldly denying the Scriptures – and therefore Christ – Himself.

While this makes a certain minority of Christians worldwide (namely, Protestant evangelicals) rather uncomfortable, we are to believe what Christ has taught us about Himself and about this ritual – not science, the skepticism of post-modernity, the rationalism of post-Enlightenment, Western civilization, and certainly not the “traditions of men” who have failed to either grasp or receive the truth of Christ.

Why does the reality of partaking of the risen body and blood of Christ bother these people so?

To be frank, such people are being influenced by the “traditions of men” instead of the Church (and Her Scriptures).

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The Eucharist is Important

An Orthodox infant receiving the Eucharist in AfricaFor whatever reason, I’ve been thinking a lot about the Eucharist lately.

Maybe it is because of some of the great podcasts I’ve listened to in recent travels, or because I’m simply reminded of the importance, reality and danger of the Eucharist each time I’ve entered into heaven through the Divine Liturgy of the Orthodox Church. Regardless, there’s been a lot of things swirling around in my head recently, so I figured I might as well put them to “paper” and see what happens. That’s pretty much the point of this blog, after all.

As I said above, the Eucharist is important, real and dangerous.

It is along these three lines that I’d like to discuss this topic, starting first with the importance of the Eucharist.

In the world I live in (post-modern, Westernized, American culture), the very idea of the Eucharist is immediately controversial. Not only do we have to deal with the false dichotomies of the “sacred” and “profane,” but one is faced with a quasi-Gnostic worldview everywhere one looks (in this case, a tendency to focus on the “invisible” when it comes to faith). Along with this, the idea that something physical or created can manifest or make present the Grace of God (the Holy Spirit) is roundly scoffed at by every post-Enlightenment Christian. Faith – for the post-Enlightenment Christian – is entirely conceived of as one’s personal relationship with God through assent to a set of beliefs about God. It is mostly a matter of the mind or “heart” and never really entertains the physical world for any reason.

I’ll speak more to this point in my next post, but I needed to lay a brief historical context before I continued any further (knowing that most evangelicals who read this will immediately be repulsed by the idea of something physical being necessary for our salvation, despite the clarity of the Scriptures and all of Church Tradition and history on this point).

The Eucharist is both necessary for, and an integral part of a Christian’s salvation.

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God Loves Osama Bin Laden

"God is Love"

Hatred is often called “blind.” Perhaps this is because when we are aroused in our passions (or “sinfulness”), we are unable to discern between “good and evil.” Rather than seeing only the light of God, we are overcome with darkness and left to fumble around like a blind person. Our soul is laid aside for the sake of our flesh.

Before I say anything further, I’m going to assume a few things:

Let’s assume for the moment that a man named “Osama Bin Laden” exists, that he is who our media tells us he is (or was), and that he was “responsible for” the incidents of September 11, 2001, wherein two airplanes were crashed into the World Trade Center towers in New York City (and supposedly another was forced to the ground in Pennsylvania and yet another striking the Pentagon in Washington, DC), resulting in the death of around 3,000 people (mostly US citizens). Let’s also assume that this man died recently due to a strategic attack led by US special forces in the sovereign nation of Pakistan.

For those who have done any amount of honest, unbiased research into these events, I realize this is assuming a LOT, but I won’t get into all of those issues right now.

That said, we are presented with a situation here in the US where people are going to react. For those who have relatives, etc. that lost their lives on September 11, 2001 or during the subsequent, countless military operations throughout the middle east, there is certainly presented an opportunity to react with strong emotion and to a depth few of us can understand or empathize with.

So then, what is the proper reaction? I’m asking this, you understand, as a Christian – not with some indefinable, modern “morality” that is determined by convention or the whims of cultural relativism (nor by the State or the tenets of our long-forgotten Constitution, etc.).

As a Christian, how are we to react to the death of another person?

For many, this question is answered with a question: Which person?”

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What Did Christ Accomplish?: Rob Bell, Evangelical Bickering and the Gospel of St Ignatius

Icon of Saint Ignatius of Antioch, Martyrdom

“Hence every kind of magic was destroyed, and every bond of wickedness disappeared; ignorance was removed, and the old kingdom abolished, God Himself being manifested in human form for the renewal of eternal life. And now that took a beginning which had been prepared by God. Henceforth all things were in a state of tumult, because He mediated the abolition of death.”
St Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to the Ephesians, Ch. 19

In his letter to the Church at Ephesus, the Apostolic Father St Ignatius writes of the glories of Christ’s Incarnation and our deliverance from the Evil One and death. For the Orthodox Christian, this is a message of great joy and triumph, as the bonds of Hades have now been loosed due to Christ’s triumph over death itself.

However, modern evangelical Christians — many of whom have likely never even read one of St Ignatius’ epistles — would scoff at St Ignatius’ message above as being abhorrent and unrecognizable as the Gospel, since it doesn’t contain main of their pet doctrines and distinctives (traditions of men, if you will, since many of them are absent from all of Catholic and Orthodox Christianity). It might even be characterized as a “new” and “Liberal” theology, inspired by various philosophical and political discussions of the last two centuries. How ironic, considering this great Father lived in the age of the Apostles, was appointed in Antioch as Bishop by St Peter himself, and died a martyr’s death in AD 108. We are so arrogant in our man-made traditions and ideas that we would call this Saint a “liberal” in today’s evangelical climate. I mean, St Ignatius sat on Jesus’ lap (cf. St Matthew 18:2-4; traditions hold that this infant was St Ignatius) and was taught by His Apostles directly. It doesn’t get any more Apostolic and genuine than that! He knows the true Gospel because he saw it with his own eyes — and died for it.

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